Universuum of Institutional Development for Post Production Offshore Platform Decommissioning in Indonesia

*Corresponding Author E-mail: asariamelia@hotmail.com Copyright © 2020 Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. found that one of success factor in offshore platform decommissioning is safety and ef iciency on cost which can be achieved through project planning and management, used technology, as well as good coordination among the stakeholders. Meanwhile, Schroeder & Love (2004) stated that the decision in offshore platform decommissioning relies on the authorized institution in policy formulation and public. In other words, there is an institutional issue that affect the success of Israel (1990) de ined institutional development as a process to improve institution capacity to make human resource effective with the availability of inancial. Idris (2012) mentioned that institutional development is an effort to improve the ef iciency, effectiveness, and responsibility of institutional performance whether as government or private as well as the society in development implementation. Through in-depth interview, Amelia et al. (2018) INTRODUCTION


INTRODUCTION
the activity. Refer to Desrina et al. (2013), there are 4 (four) institutions involved in offshore platform decommissioning in Indonesia, i. e.: Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resource, Ministry of Connectivity (c.q. General Directorate of Sea Transportation), and Ministry of Marine & Fishery. In a case that post production offshore is re-use for arti icial reef, it is also required the involvement of provincial government.
Earlier study in measuring policy implementation performance of offshore platform decommissioning Indonesia showed that the respective policy implementation is unsuccessful. Up to this date no record is found for postproduction offshore platform decommissioning. The constraint in ful illing the policy objective lies in the capacity of the institution/actor in implementing the policy, especially in state asset management area. Wahab (2005) de ined capacity of implementation as the ability of the institution/actor to conduct the policy implementation with objective to achieve the policy goal.
This study performs identi ication of variables for institution development of post-production offshore platform decommissioning in Indonesia by using Universuum of Institutional Development Model. This model is originally developed by Milton J. Esman (1971) and modi ied by Haryati (1994) base on institutional development de inition of Joseph W. Eaton (1972). Wibowo (1994) mentioned that the basic idea of institutional development perspective is how to create or to enlighten an institution, normally a formal institution, that encourage and unleash the execution of innovation process. Haryati (1994) de ined this innovation as a norm and change value that is intended to be institutionalized. These norm and value may not exist previously. This perspective re lects the post production of offshore platform decommissioning case. As known, the oil and gas offshore activity had been started since 1971 by Atlantic Rich ield Indonesia, Inc. in Arjuna Field, Northern of West Java Water.
The decommissioning issue is not critical earlier, but getting more attention recently. Due to one of oil and gas operator which is known as KKKS contract ended in December 2017, the KKKS provided offshore platform decommissioning initiative as per regulation to authorized institution for about 3 (three) years prior the end of concession period. In 2016/2017, the process is hold by respective authority with reason it is postponed until proper policy in state asset management is formulated, especially for platform write-off. This paper is a complementary of earlier study in policy analysis of post-production offshore platform decommissioning in Indonesia. The result of previous study in development of logical framework for measuring policy implementation performance of post-production offshore platform decommissioning in Indonesia is described as Figure 1.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Universuum of Institutional Development is originally developed by Milton J. Esman (1971) and by adopting institutional development de inition of Joseph W. Eaton (1972), Haryati (1994) organized the model with objective to assess the institutional capacity. The model is described in Figure 2.
The model is explained by Haryati (1994) and Triana (2006) as follows: that will be institutionalized in where those respective norms and value are not exist 1. Innovation, such norms and value changes previously.
sources, and required tools to support the institutionalization of program execution. support the institutionalization of program execution.
2. Internal structure, structure and process that 3. Resources, such as: human resources, fund  (Haryati, 1994) As shown in Table 1 5. Transaction, is de ined as process to know, to develop, and to foster the network with The study applies qualitative approach and most of collected data are categorized as secondary which are synthesized through documentation in literature study. Universuum of Institutional Development Model was adopted by Haryati (1994) to study the institutional development of independent family planning program (Keluarga Berencana Mandiri) in Ponorogo Regency, East Java. In earlier study, retrospective analysis was adopted to synthesize the required informations. Furthermore, the informations is also extracted and arranged in a form of Comparison Matrix for Universuum of Institution Development Model and Institutional Development of Post Production Offshore Platform Decommissioning as suggested by Haryati (1994). The research design is illustrated in Figure 3.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
environmental variables which is related to

RESEARCH METHOD
-3 -  with administrative data. • Post production fund report.
Utilization of post-production offshore platform decommissioning for other purposes in non oil and gas is inanced by post production fund. SKK Migas Guideline (PTK) No. 40/2018 about Abandonment and Site Restoration (ASR) stated that KKKS for non-upstream oil and gas activities are a. Support the environment to support institutional necessary support in rig to reef. Example, is possible to be re-use as arti icial reef with Government. Whilst, feasibility study of research station, and military purpose. Of rig to reef and ish farm. Though, it is also required for in-situ and ex-situ rig-to-reef.
possible to be utilized for other option such: tourism, ish storage, renewable energy, II. Environmental Variables as capacity to support an activity with these, feasibility study of Research and (Nugraha, 2019). resources, fund, and tools.
In institutional system, support is de ined Haryati (1994), those supports are: human Desrina et al. (2013) described that the support from external factor in for rig to reef as the most feasible alternative Conservation. The inancing sources for or local budget, ishery fee, conservation service fee, and also other unbound approved sources.
In short, potency is potential capacity to be In-situ rig-to-reef. Re-utilization of jacket as arti icial reef in place after removing of well conductor, production facility, and topside.
2 Ex-situ rig-to-reef. Re-utilization of jacket as arti icial reef in designated location by Ministry of Marine and Fishery after removing of well conductor, production facility, and topside. • Improvement of coastal water productivity inancial audit agency (BPK) to government prevent any shipping accident especially By applying universuum of institutional development model, institutional development of post-production offshore platform decommissioning is de ined in 2 (two) factors, i.e. internal and external. The internal factor refer to the institution itself, such as innovation, internal structure, resources, and program. Whilst, external factor is how the environment affect the institution through support and potency. By generating a comparison matrix between universuum of institutional development and institutional development of post-production offshore platform decommissioning in Indonesia, it can be concluded the innovation that should be developed are: (i) effectiveness of processing time and to follow up of state asset write off proposal, (ii) utilization of post-production offshore platform decommissioning.